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What is immigration, emigration and migration: definitions and differences

In connection with the new “migration of peoples” that began in 2011, people around the world are discussing news from Europe, the USA and even the former USSR. How will developed countries cope with the influx of migrants? How dangerous is such a phenomenon for the economy and demography? What are the main reasons for population migration in 2021? People strive to know as much as possible about what is happening, but they often do not understand very well what the reasons for global changes are, and what immigration and emigration are in general. Let's understand the terminology, try to study the psychology of migrants and reflect on modernity.

What do immigration and migration have in common?

Before analyzing the current situation in the world, it is worth agreeing on the meaning of some words. The terms mentioned below have gained currency through the work of sociologists and demographers. When talking about the relocation of people from one country to another, we often talk about:

• migration - the relocation of a person to the territory of another state in general;
• emigration - the departure of a citizen of a country outside its borders for the purpose of changing his place of residence (we also talk about emigration if one has to leave a state where a person had already entered some time ago, having left his homeland);
• immigration - the arrival of a “traveler” to a new territory;
• re-emigration - the return of a person to his homeland after a long stay abroad.

From the above it should be clear what is the difference between immigration and emigration and migration in general. I can add only one remark: migration is general, and emigration, immigration and re-emigration are specific. However, this does not mean that one person can be an emigrant and not be an immigrant, because he will not be able to leave one country and never enter another. For greater clarity, let's understand who migrants and immigrants are, using an example.

Let's say a certain Anna Smith left the United States and received permission to live in Russia. Having firmly decided to settle into a new place, filled out the documents and boarded the plane, the woman became a migrant - a person who left her homeland to live in another country. Anna Smith emigrated from the USA and became an immigrant in relation to Russia. Please note that you cannot say “emigrate to a country”: emigrate - from, immigrate - to. If Anna decides to return to her homeland, she will re-emigrate from Russia.

Briefly about migration in general

Migration as a phenomenon has existed at all times. If people had not moved from one territory to another in search of better conditions, humanity would hardly have ended up in Eurasia - we would have lived in Africa. However, as more and more states appeared in the world and more and more dangers for ordinary people (terrorism, espionage, organized crime), developed countries began to take measures to control newcomers.

The rules established in this way for entering the country and staying on its territory are called migration policy. At the beginning of the 21st century, migrants, in order to be able to live and work outside their home country, must register in the new state:

• residence permit;
• Residence permit (residence permit);
• permanent residence (permanent residence);
• citizenship.

Alas, not all visitors are officially registered. Therefore, such a dangerous phenomenon as illegal migration is widespread. The influx of secret refugees leads to an increase in the number of crimes, while law-abiding visitors who are ready to work for the benefit of the new country can make a significant contribution to its development. But why do people leave their homeland in the first place and on what basis do they choose where to move? We’ll talk about this later, but for now the most curious can study what migration in general is.

Immigration: in search of a new homeland

First, let's look at the first stage of moving abroad - immigration. As we have already found out, after crossing the border of the country where a person intends to live, he becomes an emigrant. But going abroad is not always an individual case. From certain countries (by the end of 2021 these are Islamic and African states, as well as Albania, Somalia, Ukraine) immigration is occurring: this is a mass departure of citizens of the state from their homeland. This concept indicates that tens and hundreds of thousands of people will seek shelter not in a specific state, but throughout the world. That is why it is correct to talk about immigration rather than emigration of the population.

Mass movements may be caused by political oppression or poor economic conditions.

And yet these two reasons do not explain all the processes occurring. But if you try, you can make a more complete list.

Causes of the phenomenon

What does it mean to immigrate? Leave your dear homeland, say goodbye to loved ones, give up education, business and career in your country, start learning a new language and a different mentality. To take such a step, you need very compelling reasons, such as:

• shortage of basic goods - food, housing, clothing;
• the inability to get a quality education yourself and take your children to kindergarten, school, college, institute;
• lack of jobs in the home state;
• high crime rate, unpunished activities of dangerous groups;
• lack of benefits, especially for young families and pensioners;
• armed conflicts, civil war, terrorism;
• bad ecology;
• dictatorship, oppression of people on one or another basis (religious beliefs, race, origin, sexual orientation).

2021 has seen people fleeing their home countries for various reasons. As for the eastern and African countries, the life and health of the population there are in immediate danger - armed clashes are taking place there. But workers who come to Russia strive to provide their families with everything they need.

Tens of thousands of such workers receive a residence permit in the Russian Federation, leaving:

• Uzbekistan;
• Tajikistan;
• Kazakhstan;
• Armenia;
• Kyrgyzstan;
• Belarus.

Emigration: saving drowning people?

As we have already found out, the difference between migrants and emigrants is obvious: migrants are all people who left their homeland in search of a home in a new country, emigrants are the same people, but in relation to the state that sheltered them. But what are the criteria that help a person choose a new homeland? And why do people move to European countries and the USA more often than to others?

We still have to figure out the reasons for this phenomenon. It is worth saying in advance that almost all of the factors listed below also apply to countries outside the EU. No less popular destinations among nomads are:

• Canada;
• Australia;
• New Zealand;
• UAE;
• Israel;
• Thailand;
• China;
• Taiwan.

Why do people leave their countries?

Despite technological progress, in the 21st century in dozens of countries people are not provided with even the most basic necessities. Political contradictions constantly arise between powers, and population migration confirms this. Therefore, hundreds of thousands and millions of refugees move every year to countries where:

• do not worry about your life, health and property, since thanks to the government, a calm situation has been established in the country;
• you can earn money by honest work - open your own business and develop it without encountering corruption;
• expenses for food, clothing, housing and communal services are feasible;
• the economy is stable, and even in case of crises you can find a job or apply for social benefits;
• people are tolerant of people of all nationalities and religions.

When discussing the reasons for moving, it is important to remember that, first of all, emigration is going abroad in search of better conditions.

If a person really wants to live in a pleasant climate, be treated in foreign clinics, or travel profitably, he will certainly move abroad, no matter how much work it costs.

For example, citizens of EU countries can freely cross the borders of any of the 28 countries without applying for a visa. Yes, it takes 10 years or even more to obtain citizenship, but will this stop a person who has dreamed of living abroad all his life?

Re-emigration: is it a rare phenomenon?

Not all people move abroad after carefully figuring out where to start emigrating and how to gain a foothold in a new place. In 2015–2016 Many migrants from Syria, Iran, Iraq and other eastern countries, having moved to Germany and lived there in cramped conditions, unable to earn enough money to support their families, began to talk about their disappointed expectations and returned to their homeland.

On the other hand, the reason for re-emigration may be the success of the newcomer. According to statistics, 8–10 thousand people emigrate from Russia every year, having gone here to work from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan: these people, working in the Russian Federation as unskilled specialists, return to poor families, taking away a total of $7,000,000.

Thus, the most common reasons for re-emigration are:

• the plight of man in the new state;
• the economic success of a migrant who seeks not to build a career, but to earn money;
• the newcomer’s unwillingness to master the language, profession, and adapt to the laws and mentality of foreigners.

Finally

If you were wondering what migration, emigration and immigration are, you probably got answers to all your questions. Now you better understand what is happening in the world in general and in Russia, and you can even make your own political forecast: where and when labor migrants and refugees will move. Or maybe you yourself wouldn’t mind moving to another country? Everything is possible - and everything is in your hands!

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Normative base

The procedure for crossing the border is regulated by the Customs Code. The rules that Russians must follow are regulated by Federal Law No. 114 “On the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation.” There are also local regulations that list a list of permitted and prohibited items for export. Separate documents also regulate the rules for traveling abroad for certain categories of citizens.

Recent changes in legislation have affected military personnel, employees of law enforcement agencies and internal affairs bodies. The list of countries they can visit is now very limited.

Also, new rules for traveling abroad in 2021 now apply to minors: if they are traveling with one parent, the consent of the other to cross the border is not necessary.

Immigration and emigration: what is it and how is it different?

The world we live in is far from ideal. Crises periodically arise even in seemingly stable states. Not to mention countries where political collapse, depressed economies and limited job supply are forcing residents to leave their homes in search of new opportunities. Unfortunately, such people have to learn from their own experience what immigration and emigration are.

Modern migration

The process of globalization is constantly increasing the number of citizens living outside their home country. According to the United Nations, there are now more than 244 million migrants: 40% more than in 2000.

232 million people a year become international migrants and another 740 million move within the country. Many people move because they have no choice. This is forced migration; In Russia, forced migrants are divided into forced migrants and refugees.

Others leave the country voluntarily. The concept of migration implies the territorial movement of people from one part (country, world) to another, while external or internal administrative-territorial borders are crossed.

Immigration and emigration in the migration process

Migration flows are formed by moving individuals. They can be divided into subgroups according to the directions and reasons that caused these changes.

Immigration and emigration is the movement of people to another region of the country or another country to live. What, then, is the difference between immigration and emigration?

Immigration of the population is entry into a country, that is, migration to a new country where a person intends to establish his home. The word "immigration" is used with the preposition "in": to Germany, to Spain.

Emigration is leaving the country, that is, migration in relation to the state in which a person previously lived. Therefore, emigration is always “out”. For example, from Russia. Using the phrase “emigration to the USA” would be incorrect.

Another common question is the difference between immigrants and emigrants. The fact is that it can be the same person at the same time. For the country from which he left, a person is considered an emigrant, and for the receiving state - an immigrant. But they can be united under a common name - migrants, that is, those who moved to another state for both temporary and permanent residence. Find out the best way to immigrate from Russia to Europe.

Immigrants entering the EU from third world countries must obtain a visa to visit certain countries and undergo immigration controls. They do not receive government assistance in the form of benefits or housing, but if the documents are properly prepared, living conditions are met, they have a work permit or money to support themselves and their family, they can receive a temporary residence permit (RP), then a permanent residence permit (permanent residence) and citizenship. But if the laws of the country of residence are violated, they can be detained and deported. Read more about deportation here.

Why and where do people migrate?

What causes migration, where, why and why people go, is studied by demographers and statisticians, because migration affects the politics, economy and culture of the country of entry and the country of departure, depriving the latter of labor and young intelligence.

Migration occurs for the following reasons:

1. Economic: finding a job, better living and business conditions, starting a family in another country.
2. Political: national and racial discrimination, terrorism.
3. Military: military conflicts, threat to life

Although there is no universally accepted definition of a migrant, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines migrants as those who leave for “personal convenience” as a result of free choice; This also includes people traveling to another place of residence for economic reasons. This includes labor migration. Those who move for political and military reasons are classified as forced migrants. Read more about this in the article “The Migration Crisis in Europe.”

Top countries to which migrants traveled in 2021

A person’s natural desire to have a secure, comfortable life shapes the directions of migration flows that lead to prosperous countries. These are states where there is a favorable attitude towards foreigners, either historically or for economic reasons.

Developed powers are also interested in attracting, first of all, highly qualified workers and investors; they make up 30% of global economic migration. This trend has become an element of the policies of many states, including the Russian Federation.

After the economic crisis of 2008, European countries adopted legislative changes to simplify the legalization of highly qualified specialists and investors.

With the help of newcomers, a competitive business environment is created, intellectual and energy potential is activated, and, which is important for European countries, the population is rejuvenated by attracting young people. Investors strengthen the economy with cash injections. If you are interested in knowing how and where you can obtain citizenship by investment, read this material.

Based on statistics from the UN and the World Bank, US News and World Report has compiled a ranking of the countries most welcoming to foreigners in 2021:

1. Sweden,
2. Canada,
3. Switzerland,
4. Australia,
5. Germany,
6. Norway,
7. USA,
8. Netherlands,
9. Finland,
10. Denmark.

Read where it is easiest and fastest to get a residence permit.

Countries from which people are leaving

According to sociologists and demographers, as well as immigration services, current migrants are often former citizens of countries such as Somalia, Albania, Nigeria, Gambia, Iran, Pakistan, Kosovo, Mali, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Syria and African countries.

Modern processes of re-emigration

Migration also occurs through re-emigration and repatriation:

• Re-emigration is the return of emigrants to their country of citizenship, permanent residence or origin. Using Russia as an example, we can talk about an increase in the number of Russians returning to their homeland to 15 thousand people per year. After the collapse of the USSR, cultural and artistic figures who emigrated from Russia during the USSR returned to the country: Solzhenitsyn A.I., Voinovich V.M., Rostropovich M.L. and others. Recently, many ethnic Germans who left the country in the 90s and have not adapted to the mentality of German society are returning to Russia.
• Repatriation literally means “return to one’s native land.” This is a return to the homeland of our ancestors. The current legislation of most states describes the return process and the conditions under which compatriots can be repatriated. For example, in Germany the repatriation program is called “late resettlement”. The program for moving to Russia is regulated by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 637 of June 22, 2006 and amendments to it, indicating measures to support Russians living abroad and wishing to return to their roots.

Countries that are attractive to move to

Apart from finding new opportunities and work, what makes expats happy in their new homes? To find answers to some of these questions, the global community network InterNations surveyed more than 14,000 expats in 191 countries.

Here are five countries that make up attractive relocation destinations in 2021, according to the Expat Insider Survey:

• Taiwan – comfort of Western life, cost of living lower than in other Asian capitals, warm climate.
• Malta is a European country with historical attractions, vibrant culture, and an acceptable tax system.
• Ecuador - friendly attitude, good healthcare, tasty and cheap food, good job opportunities.
• Mexico - good climate, friendly people, cheap products.
• New Zealand has natural beauty and a high level of healthcare.

You can learn about which countries our compatriots choose to move to in the article “The best countries for emigrating from Russia.”

In conclusion about the positive and negative

Moving to another state is associated with material costs, emotional and cultural adaptation, overcoming the language barrier and difficulties in understanding the mentality of local residents. But there is also a positive side - the opportunity to realize oneself in a new place with a “clean slate”. Increased concentration of effort and energy leads a person to the goals and success for which he went to immigration. If you are interested in the topic of migration and want to become a citizen of another country, find out more about ways to obtain citizenship in our article.

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Opinion of Olga Golodets

The Russian politician, economist, and Deputy Prime Minister of Russia said that the proposal to levy a tax fee for leaving the country is not even being considered. She spoke about this on the sidelines of the Gaidar Forum. At the same time, she commented on the current situation around the initiative.

According to Olga G., now is not the economic situation at all to introduce any additional fees in the country. The government needs to think about increasing accessibility and introducing new benefits for all types of tourism activities.

Thus, the new tax levy remains unanswered by the authorities. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the initiative will not be implemented soon.

The essence and differences between emigration and immigration

People ignorant of legal intricacies often cannot understand what the difference is between concepts such as emigration and immigration. In their opinion, the actions that these two terms denote are largely similar and relate to the issue of moving a specific person for permanent residence from one country to another.

In fact, emigration is fundamentally different from immigration, and immigrant and emigrant are opposite concepts. Emigration is leaving permanently, or at least for a very long period of time, from a country that was the permanent place of residence for the person leaving it. Immigration is entry into a country in which a person would like to settle, with one of the goals being to obtain citizenship there. Leaving the country will be called emigration, and immigration will be called entering another country. Thus, for their new homeland, displaced persons are immigrants, and emigrants are for another, where they lived and whose territory they decided to leave.

What is the difference between migration and immigration

These concepts are similar, since in both cases we are talking about population movement. The difference is that during migration a person moves within the country, while trying to achieve certain goals. Migration can be of the following types.

1. Permanent: this happens in cases where a person leaves his region forever and moves to a permanent place of residence in another region or region.
2. Temporary: in this case, leaving the home region occurs for a fixed period.
3. Pendulum: a typical example is students leaving to study at universities and returning home upon completion of their studies.
4. Seasonal. This type of migration most often occurs in agriculture, when a significant number of the population moves from region to region to harvest crops.

• dissatisfaction with one’s economic situation and a desire to improve it;
• desire to see the world;
• desire to return to their historical homeland; this motive is characteristic primarily of persons of Jewish and German nationality;
• a difficult environmental situation in the region of residence, forcing you to look for a new place to live;
• lack of prospects at home and hope to find them abroad.

In addition, there are situations when the state, for various reasons, wants to get rid of a particular citizen, declaring him persona non grata and sending him into exile. Immigration for such people becomes the only way out of this situation, and this does not happen very rarely.

Pros and cons of immigration

It would be naive to believe that a person who has decided to immigrate will immediately have the opportunity to solve all his problems after entering another country - this is almost never possible for anyone. The state accepting immigrants for permanent residence is primarily interested in solving its own problems, and when going into emigration and looking for a country for future permanent residence, this should be taken into account. By accepting those who decide to immigrate, such a state expects to receive:

• qualified personnel with in-demand professions: this way the country will not have to spend money on training its own specialists;
• cheap labor to perform hard and low-paid work;
• an influx of “fresh blood” to rejuvenate the nation, since the age of the bulk of those wishing to immigrate does not exceed forty years.

Therefore, emigration, like immigration, is not an easy process, and when starting it, you need to carefully think and weigh everything in order to then act correctly. In order to be prepared in advance for the difficulties ahead and make correct decisions on emerging issues, even at the stage of preparation for the implementation of the decision to emigrate, you should carefully study the following issues.

1. What are the prospects after immigrating to the country chosen for this purpose to obtain citizenship in it?
2. Is there a prospect of employment in the specialty that the immigrant has?
3. How does life in the chosen country differ from the one from which the person is leaving, and does it suit the immigrant?

We should not forget that, having become an emigrant in his homeland, a person cannot always find himself in a new country. That is why immigration and emigration, although attractive, are very difficult to implement, and you should carefully prepare for the likely difficulties.

Travel ban

In some cases, a person is not allowed to leave the state (Article 15 of Federal Law No. 114). The reasons may be related to his professional activities or involvement in state secrets. In this case, you will need a signed permission from the head of the organization. The following persons will also not be able to leave the country:

• having unfulfilled financial obligations;
• called up for military service;
• those under investigation or serving a sentence;
• undergoing bankruptcy proceedings.

Departure is limited temporarily until the cause that caused it is eliminated.

If you have debts

When a person has unfulfilled financial obligations to third parties or the state - overdue loans, unpaid alimony, taxes, fines, and so on - he may be prohibited from leaving the country. The restriction is imposed by bailiffs and the information is transmitted to the border service. Therefore, it is important to check your debts before traveling abroad. If a person discovers that he is prohibited from leaving the territory of the Russian Federation, he will first need to fulfill his financial obligations. This must be done in advance so that the FSSP has time to lift the restrictions.

Is it possible for civil servants to travel abroad?

Those restricted from leaving the country include active security and military personnel. The procedure for employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to travel abroad requires the mandatory submission of a report to an authorized official at least 3 months before the intended trip. In addition, there is a list of countries in which holidays are recommended for military personnel and those where travel is undesirable.

Difference between migration and emigration

In modern sciences and journalism, very similar terms are common - “migration” and “emigration”. What do they mean?

The content of the article

The term "migration" has the widest application. It can be equally correctly understood:

1. as a mass movement of the population from one place of residence to another - in sociology;
2. how the movement of able-bodied citizens from one region to another - also in sociology, in labor law;
3. how the movement of living organisms from one habitat to another - in biology;
4. as an element of observation of seismograms - in geology;
5. as the movement of chemical elements in layers of the earth's crust - as a rule, also in geology;
6. as the transfer of energy between particles - in physics;
7. as the movement of capital between economic entities - in economics.

It is difficult to say in which areas the term “migration” is used more often. If we talk about it in the context of the movement of citizens of one state to another country or part of the world, then it can be characterized by closeness to the concept of emigration. Let's consider its specifics in more detail.

What is emigration?

Emigration means:

1. a sustainable, long-term process of resettlement of citizens of one state to another (any specific or several different countries) - as a rule, for permanent residence;
2. as a one-time event reflecting the move of a particular citizen of a state to another country.

In the first meaning, the term “emigration” in many contexts can be considered synonymous with migration, since the concept discussed in the article above generally denotes a process that occurs over time. This characteristic is close to large-scale, sustainable emigration from the country.

It should be noted that the arrival of foreign citizens in a particular state, expressed as a process or one-time events, is immigration to it. It is the opposite of emigration. If a person who once moved to another country subsequently returns to his homeland, then he commits re-emigration.

The departure of people from one state to another can be due to both objective reasons - political, military, economic, and subjective factors. For example, religious, civilizational beliefs, cultural guidelines of a person.

In most cases, emigration is usually the result of a person’s voluntary decision to move from his or her country to another. But sometimes it becomes forced - for example, due to political pressure being exerted on a citizen within the state.

Emigration as a social phenomenon is usually studied by sociology, as well as by a special science - migrationology.

Comparison

The main difference between migration and emigration is the much wider range of possible meanings of the first term. The second concept is used in a very narrow context and concerns only civil legal relations related to the movement of citizens of one state to another.

If the term “emigration” denotes a certain stable process - reflecting the massive, long-term resettlement of citizens of one state to another, then sometimes it can, in a number of contexts, correspond to the concept of migration and be designated by this word.

It is worth noting that migration is usually understood as a process that occurs under the influence of some strong or irresistible factors. Such as, for example, the change of season and weather conditions, which determine the migration of fauna representatives - for example, bird flights. Certain geological processes are a factor in seismic migration.

In turn, emigration (as a process or a one-time event) is usually caused, as we noted above, by the voluntary decision of a person or groups of people. But the movement of citizens of one country to another is often due to a very serious crisis in it, which should also be considered as an insurmountable factor. In this case, the resulting emigration can be called just that, migration - especially if it acquires a stable, long-term character.

Having determined what the difference is between migration and emigration, we will reflect the conclusions in the table.

Table