Reasons for migration in 2021: 10 main reasons and 7 ways to migrate

Economic

In such a situation, the primary factor is the unstable economic situation in Russia for 2021.
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Citizens, in order to increase their own living and family wealth, go to temporary or permanent work abroad.

The main reasons for population migration between regions or outside the state may be the following:

• A significant difference in the indicator of economic development between individual regions of Russia, or in comparison with other states;
• The difference in the size of the labor market, which does not allow you to find a decent job at your current place of residence, due to a lack of jobs;
• Lack of qualified workers in certain areas of activity in other regions of the country or foreign countries.

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This type of reason, in most cases, is indicated in conjunction with economic indicators.

Illegal migration

Migration, among other indicators, is characterized by the following concept:

• Legal;
• Illegal.

Legal migration is controlled by states. This approach allows us to analyze and evaluate not only changes in migration directions, but also the reasons that prompted them. And this can be done on a global scale.

However, data distortion is caused by large flows of illegal migrants crossing state borders in violation of the established legal order. Such groups of visitors who entered the country on a tourist visa and remained in it without legal grounds are not included in the analytical data.

A striking example of illegal migration is the massive crossing of US borders by residents of neighboring Mexico. As well as the influx of visitors from Asian countries and China to Russian territory.

Illegal migration poses a certain danger to the receiving state:

1. The crime situation is worsening. Many migrants cannot find work and are forced to earn money through criminal means;
2. Unemployment among the indigenous population is increasing. Illegal immigrants are willing to work for much less money, so they take jobs.
3. There is a stratification of society. Illegal immigrants do not seek to assimilate with the inhabitants of the region. They often create ghettos where they live in isolated groups, maintaining their own language and traditions and ignoring local customs.

In addition, there are examples of forced migration carried out at the initiative of the state.

Conclusion

The reasons for external migration, as well as internal movements of residents of different countries, are quite diverse: economic, political, cultural, social, military. The leading place in the world belongs to economic migration, the purpose of which is to ensure a decent life for oneself and loved ones.

The result of labor migration is the significant contribution of those who left to work to the economy of both their country and the country that has become their second home.

Almost $600 billion was transferred by migrants to their families and friends in 2021, with two-thirds of remittances going to developing countries, providing significant support to their populations.

Study methods

A study method is a set of specific techniques for studying a process.

Methods for studying migration include:

1. Statistical method. This method consists of recording all cases of migrant movement. It is used to determine the number of arriving and departing citizens for each period, the direction of migration flows and the national composition of migrants. Indirect methods include registering place of birth during the population census.
2. Household method. Used to calculate the balance of migration of the population living outside the city. Indirect methods include measuring the number of migrants using available data on the duration of residence in a particular place and previous place of residence.
3. Sociological method. Designed to establish the main factors influencing migration processes, as well as its driving forces.

To understand the need for a certain method, it is necessary to clearly understand the characteristics of the territory and the direction of the migration process. The tasks that researchers set for themselves are also taken into account.

External or international migration is a change of place of residence of people crossing state borders.

Cultural reasons

Cultural reasons most often mean returning to their historical homeland. There, a person, by becoming familiar with traditions and visiting heritage sites of his people, can restore lost ethnic ties. The most famous example is the creation of the state of Israel after World War II, to which Jews still return. However, cultural migration can exist not only at the international level, but also within the country.

Such reasons for migration also include relocation to places with a more developed cultural environment. An obvious example is that many representatives of creative professions are moving from regions to megacities. This is due to both the economic component and the desire for self-realization. A large city is in any case a cultural center, which provides a lot of opportunities for communication in the field of art, getting to know new projects and creating your own.

level of education and social status;.

Economic reasons

These factors force the population to look for better living conditions and profitable work in other regions and countries. In this case, economic factors can be divided into 2 groups. The first is associated with the historical development and settlement of new territories and lands. For example, it includes the mass migration of blacks to America from Africa, which occurred in the 16th-19th centuries after a series of large-scale geographical discoveries.

The first group is also associated with the migration explosion in Europe in the 19th century, when migrants from European countries moved to America, Australia and South Africa.

The second group includes migration associated with the conclusion of labor contracts. A special place is given to the “brain drain” to Canada and the USA in the 60s of the 20th century. India, the Philippines and the countries of the former USSR provided the largest number of such emigrants.

Before the Second World War, Canada, the USA, South Africa, Brazil and Australia were considered the main centers of international migration.

Migration problems and solutions: Video

What could be the reasons for migration?

Political reasons

The main reason for the migration of people related to politics is a change of power in the state. It is characteristic that if a change occurs radically, and the course of the state changes to almost the opposite, the flow of immigrants will be greater than if the change occurred within the framework of one political discourse or relatives. A citizen may not be satisfied with the current political position of the leader/party, and he decides to move. In addition, the reason for group/mass migration may be the aggravation of the political situation in the country - acute ideological conflicts at the top, inter-social conflict on political grounds, a crisis of power and much more.

People can move to other states for higher-paying jobs, good working conditions, or for a fundamentally different quality of life.

Coronavirus and labor migration

The coronavirus epidemic has worsened the situation of migrant workers in all countries of the world, and Russia is no exception. The introduction of quarantine measures in March 2021 partially or completely suspended the activities of many enterprises, and especially in those industries that employ a large number of foreign workers: construction, restaurant and hotel business, wholesale and retail trade. Like Russian citizens, some labor migrants lost their jobs or began working part-time, which led to a complete or partial loss of income. As a result, for many foreign workers the meaning of staying in Russia was lost.

The lack of information about the situation of foreign workers in Russia during the coronavirus pandemic gives rise to all sorts of speculation and rumors. Partly to overcome them, the National Research University Higher School of Economics, together with the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, conducted two online surveys of labor migrants in order to find out the characteristics of their lives and migration intentions during the period of isolation and quarantine measures. One of them was carried out among migrants located in Russia, the second - among potential migrants in their homeland, including those who returned home before the end of March this year.

Although the surveys conducted are fraught with bias due to the specifics of the Internet audience (young, educated, urban respondents), the estimates obtained give an idea of ​​what is happening with migrants in Russia today and what are the expectations of potential migrants to work in Russia if restrictions on international trips.

Migrants in Russia

As a result of the measures introduced, labor migrants staying in Russia found themselves in a difficult situation. The reduction in employment, primarily in those areas where migrants work, has made foreign citizens one of the most vulnerable social groups. In what types of economic activity has the decline in employment been particularly painful for migrants? What is their financial situation? How ready are they to leave Russia if transport communications are restored? What are their immediate and long-term plans related to work and life in Russia? An online survey of 1,304 foreign citizens located in Russia was devoted to finding answers to these questions.

Among the respondents, men predominate (60.5% of respondents). 23.1% of respondents have higher education, incomplete higher education – 11.7%. The average age of respondents is 35.8 years. 24.6% of respondents identified themselves as Russian; for the majority of respondents, Russian is their mother language.

The survey involved foreign citizens located in 78 regions of Russia (of which 52.4% were in Moscow and the Moscow region and 10.9% in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region). Among the respondents there are many students (12.3%), housewives (6.2%), and non-working pensioners (1.4%). However, the majority are present on the Russian labor market: 49.4% work permanently or temporarily, 23.1% are looking for work and are ready to start it.

The main types of economic activities of respondents located outside the Moscow metropolis are construction (27.6%), trade (14.2%), hotels and restaurants (11.2%), transport and warehousing (6.3%), household assistance (5.8%), manufacturing (5.2%), healthcare (2.7%), housing and communal services (2.5%), other types of economic activity (mainly personal and social services) - 11, 9%. The employment structure is somewhat different in the capital itself, where there is a smaller share of people employed in construction (25.1%) and trade (7.2%), but more in the hotel and restaurant business (13.9%), helping with household chores (12 .7%), in housing and communal services (6.0%), working in transport and warehouses (6.4%). The average salary of the surveyed migrants was 43.2 thousand rubles.

The overwhelming majority of those present on the Russian labor market worked last year (88.8%). This year, 8.7% of them were unemployed during the entire period from January to May. Maximum employment among those working this year in Russia occurred in February, and the peak of unemployment occurred in April: if we take the number of people working in January as 100 percentage points, then in February – 103.1, March – 97.7, April – 66.2 , May – 71.2.

However, the processes with the employment of migrants that took place in the regions and in the metropolitan metropolis are radically different. The most stringent self-isolation regime was established in Moscow, quite strict in the Moscow region, while in other regions - with a few exceptions and, as a rule, later - quarantine took place in a lighter form. As a result, the collapse of the migrant labor market in the metropolis was more significant than in the regions. Employment in Moscow began to decline in March, while in the regions the traditional increase in migrant employment continued for this time of year. And if in the metropolis the number of respondents working in April decreased by 40.8% compared to March, then in the regions - by only 21.2%.

Employers appear to have been focused on retaining their most valuable employees: the sharp job cuts barely affected full-time workers in January-May of this year. Employers got rid of, first of all, less experienced and qualified workers. The worst paid, most socially vulnerable groups of migrants suffered the most: those with an unregulated legal status - those who do not have any valid documents for stay/residence and/or employment in Russia, the informally employed - whose labor relations were based on oral agreements. It was difficult for the self-employed, as well as those working in micro and small enterprises.

The crisis associated with the pandemic, as expected, hit the hotel and restaurant business the hardest, where 54.3% of those previously working in this type of economic activity were looking for work, household assistance - 35.4%, trade - 32.9%, transport, warehousing - 28.9%, while in construction - only 18.5%.

If among Russian workers, after the introduction of the self-isolation regime, almost 10% of those who had it in the pre-quarantine period lost their jobs, then among migrants - up to a third. It seems that, unlike Russian workers, who faced massive reductions in wages - a characteristic reaction of employers during the economic crises of the 2000s - migrants faced massive layoffs due to the closure of businesses.

The most significant reasons for job loss were named as objective reasons due to the closure of an enterprise (31.5% of respondents) and a reduction in the number of employees (8.5%). It was extremely rare for employees to take the initiative and leave on their own, even if they were not paid (15.1%). A common situation was when the organization did not work due to the isolation regime, the employee was not paid, but they helped in any way they could (with food, for example), he was registered with them and waited for the start of work (18.9%). A significant portion of respondents (26.0%) did not detail the reason for job loss, vaguely pointing to the pandemic.

Job seekers are in the most difficult situation: 53.0% of them do not have enough money for essentials. At the same time, 6.0% of them can hold out without outside help for 1-2 months, and 6.0% do not need help at all, the rest can hold out for up to a month.

The fear of being left without a livelihood prevails over the fear of coronavirus: the former are three times more likely than the latter. Corona-dissidence, coupled with bravado, also takes place: 16.7% are not afraid of either one.

The vast majority plan to work in 2021, including students, housewives, retirees who were not previously present in the labor market: only 6.5% of respondents in Russia definitely reject their work this year and 7.0% found it difficult to answer. Among those who plan to continue working or start working in Russia this year, 42.7% are confident that they will be able to keep their jobs, that they will be able to find a job - 42.8% (although some of them doubt that this will be possible to do quickly) . They are not sure that they will find a job at all – 5.9%; undecided – 8.7%.

78.4% of workers and 75.1% of job seekers do not think of leaving Russia in the coming months (at least until September-October), only every tenth of them is considering the possibility of temporarily returning to their homeland, waiting out difficulties there and returning to Russia again . (The possibility of temporarily returning to their homeland is more often considered by students, people without specific occupations, pensioners, and housewives). Of those few who are ready to leave Russia, more than half can leave immediately after transport links are restored.

Stuck at home

Over the past two decades, foreign workers have become an integral part of the Russian labor market. At the same time, work in Russia has become an important source of income for millions of households in the former Soviet republics. The introduction of the self-isolation regime and the suspension of the activities of many enterprises in Russia became a huge shock not only for those who were in Russia, but also for those who were planning to come to it in March-May. What is the economic situation of returning migrants in their home countries? Are they ready to return to Russia if restrictions on international travel are lifted? To what extent will their arrival curb fears of the coronavirus pandemic? The second online survey, in which foreign citizens located outside of Russia took part, was devoted to finding answers to these questions.

The online survey involved 1,390 people who do not have Russian citizenship, who were living outside of Russia at the time of the survey and who intended to come to Russia this year. Among the respondents, 15% were citizens of Moldova, 13% of Uzbekistan, 12.6% of Kyrgyzstan, 10.7% of Belarus, 10.5 each of Ukraine and Tajikistan, 6.8% of Azerbaijan, 6.3% of Armenia. Almost all respondents were in their countries of citizenship.

The online survey was conducted in Russian, which determined the sampling bias towards the Russian-speaking population. Thus, among respondents, the share of those who classified themselves as Russian by nationality was 34.7%. The second largest national group were Tajiks (9.2%), the third were Uzbeks (8.9%). Note that in the total number of labor migrants, according to migration registration data, citizens of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan clearly predominate (60% in 2021). Almost a quarter of the respondents are bilingual, i.e. they said their mother tongue was not only Russian, but also another language.

Typically, an online survey is biased toward populations with relatively high levels of education. This is what happened in our case: 28.7% of respondents have higher education, 31.9% have incomplete higher and secondary vocational education.

The survey method led to the assumption that the sample would be biased in favor of young ages, but this did not happen. Almost 20% of respondents were aged 50 years and older, 30% of respondents were under 30 years old, the other half were of average working age from 30 to 50 years. About 2/3 of the respondents are men, which generally corresponds to the gender structure of the flow of labor migrants to Russia.

Most of the respondents have been to Russia, but of these, those who came to Russia for work or study for a period of 3 months or more are of particular interest. These turned out to be 60%. Of these, more than half worked in Russia in 2021 and 2021. Of those who came to Russia in the first months of 2021, only 9% of migrants were unable to find work.

The coronavirus epidemic and the lockdown have disrupted the normal course of migration. Traditionally, at the beginning of the year, entry into and exit from Russia is at a minimum level. Most labor migrants come to the country in March-May, and return to their homeland in late autumn and early winter before the New Year holidays. According to the survey, in 2021, there were the same number of people who returned home in March as in January, February or April, and almost 6 times less than those who returned in December. In 2021, respondents who left Russia in March were two and a half times more than the number who returned in January, and 3 times more than the number of those who returned in April. Job loss and the coronavirus epidemic served as the main push factors from Russia. Among those who returned home in 2021, construction workers (35%), hotel and catering workers (14.7%), trade workers (12.7%) and transport workers (10%) predominated.

The coronavirus epidemic, loss of work and return to their homeland, restrictions on international travel by all states have affected the well-being of families of residents of the countries of origin of labor migrants. The average earnings of labor migrants at the beginning of 2020 was 47 thousand rubles, which generally corresponds to the average earnings in Russia according to Rosstat, and the earnings of labor migrants in 2021 according to this survey. Past surveys show that remittances home account for approximately 45% of earnings. The reduction in cash receipts from Russia is complicating the already difficult financial situation of migrant families. Only 20% of respondents said that they do not need anything, another 17.5% hope to survive without outside financial and material help. The rest are forced to save money to one degree or another or resort to external support. This applies to both those who have never worked in Russia and those who only recently, in 2021 or in 2021, returned from it. The situation is especially difficult for those who do not work. Among those who returned home, at the time of the survey (early June), only 40% of migrants were working, more than 50% were not working, and 8% were studying. 75% of the families of non-working respondents and half of the families of working respondents face financial difficulties.

For a significant portion of respondents, the improvement in their financial situation is in one way or another connected with working in Russia. Many of the unemployed respondents indicated that they were not looking for work in the host country because they were waiting for the end of quarantine and the possibility of leaving for Russia. More than a quarter of all respondents hope to come to Russia for a period of 3 months or more in 2021. But of those who worked and studied in Russia in 2021 and 2021, 60% do so. In turn, of this number of potential workers, 80% are confident that they will immediately find a job, and 15% some time after arrival, the remaining 5% found it difficult to answer. Thus, among those who are thinking of going to Russia to earn money in 2021, people with experience of labor migration and confidence that they will find work predominate.

The potential for labor migration from the CIS countries remains quite high. This is evidenced by both the lack of desire to leave Russia in the coming months of foreign workers already on its territory, and the desire to come to work as quickly as possible for those foreigners who are in their countries of origin. But the study showed that the potential for resettlement and integration in Russia is also quite significant: more than half of the migrants - both those in Russia and those seeking to come to Russia - expressed their intention to ultimately stay in Russia forever.

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24.6 respondents identified themselves as Russian; for the majority of respondents, Russian is their mother language.

What is labor migration in Russia

Labor migration in Russia is the movement of citizens to another locality in the country or outside the republic, the main purpose of which is to find a higher-paying job. The topic of labor migration today does not lose its relevance, since it is this process that has a significant impact on the pace of economic development.

Mobility in Russia is driven by noticeable differences in economic opportunities, social development and living standards in different regions.

The main causal factor resulting in labor migration is different wages. For example, it happens that after the bankruptcy and closure of a large enterprise or organization, the population is left without work. This state of affairs leads to an outflow of labor, which forces people to look for a new place and change their main residence address.

This video talks about the problems of migrant workers in Russia

At the moment, migration in Russia is divided into two types:

• internal;
• external.

They differ significantly from each other. Internal migration is nothing more than the movement of the working population within Russia. State legislation and regulations are the basis for high-quality control over this process.

External or international labor migration is migration not within the state, but a mass departure of people outside the country or arrival in the country, the main purpose of which is to find a prestigious or higher-paying job with the possibility of permanent residence.

After the collapse of the union, the rate of migration in Russia decreased significantly. Moreover, it is worth noting that external processes began to prevail over internal ones. The wave of Russian return from 1992 to 2000 amounted to approximately 8 million. In fact, migration is a completely natural process. That is why Russia is a multinational country and it is not at all surprising that in its cities you can meet foreign workers employed in various fields.

It is worth noting that Russia occupies a leading position among states that are attractive to migrants. This list includes America and Canada. The conditions for receiving citizens in these countries differ significantly. If in the States it is required to undergo numerous commissions and checks, the purpose of which is to approve qualifications, then it is possible to migrate to Russia both with and without education. Even knowledge of the Russian language is optional. This situation is considered quite difficult, since Russia receives cheap labor, which is economically beneficial, and migrants, in turn, remain satisfied as their standard of living increases.

According to the latest statistics, the number of foreigners who migrated to Russia in order to obtain permanent residence was about 6 million people. Moreover, about 60% of them are illegal immigrants whose permits have expired. It is for this reason that a lot of news has appeared in the FSGS indicating changes and amendments to the country’s migration legislation that are in force in 2021.

In this video, a man talks about how he planned to move to Russia for permanent residence.

Migration in Russia, as well as international migration processes in principle, is a problem that has a number of compelling reasons.

New and long-term changes

The rapid changes observed around the world in 2021 have changed the challenges faced in managing migration processes.

Over the past decades, Russia has been experiencing major changes in external migration. They consist of differentiation of the incoming flow (increasing share of family migration, migrant women and children, increasing diversity of migration by age categories), an increase in the number of migrants from small towns and rural areas, a drop in the level of education and wealth of newly arriving migrants and an increase in their cultural diversity (including in linguistic and religious aspects), as well as a change in the structure of the flow itself, with a predominance of migrants from Central Asia.

On the other hand, the main incentives for the migration influx to the Russian Federation do not change: this is the best economic situation within the Eurasian migration system, as well as the aging of the population and the resulting need for labor, including unskilled labor. The demand for low-skilled labor is evidenced by the stable long-term influx of labor migrants, mainly engaged in unskilled, difficult and low-paid (this is especially evident when assessed by man-hours worked) work.

Labor migrants, in fact, have become an integral part of the Russian labor market, and their structure that has changed over recent decades, the emergence and growth of a “parallel community”, with its own “migrant” services and infrastructure, reduce the likelihood of their large-scale and rapid outflow to their homeland. For many of them, Russia has already become a second home and the main hope for a better future. Nevertheless, some labor migrants will return to their homeland during 2021 (remember that among them a large proportion come from small towns and rural areas who can feed themselves on private farms), although in donor countries the possibilities of supporting those returning are very, very limited . For example, experts propose distributing land in rural areas and reducing the tax burden.

The emerging reviews of specialists analyzing the effects of the pandemic on labor migration are rather focused on the short term, and forecasts of a decline in labor migration flows to Russia use the crises of 2008 and 2014 for comparison. But the economic crisis unfolding in Russia in 2021 has specifics: the economic situation has deteriorated sharply and is superimposed by a pandemic, a sharp drop in oil prices, international sanctions and the closure of borders with the suspension of economic activity. Another important difference is the social anxiety of the population, which has accumulated in recent years, and is intensified by the negative socio-economic consequences already observed (the closure of small and medium-sized businesses, the massive loss of jobs by Russians, difficulties with servicing mortgage debts, the vulnerable situation of mass medical care, which has been clearly highlighted by the pandemic, and etc.), in the mitigation of which the Russian state participates with minimal costs and with a belated reaction. This makes it possible to predict an unstable socio-economic (and even political) situation, due to which the solution of pressing issues of managing migration processes will be relegated to the background, and the departure of labor migrants to their homeland will be more significant in scale than during previous crises.

The current difficult situation is fraught not only with unpleasant consequences for migrant workers themselves, but also for the Russian labor market. In the coming months, there will be a partial squeezing out of labor migrants from the niches of the legal Russian labor market in big cities. The experience of past years (the crisis of 2008–2010 and 2014–2016) proves this. But effective demand, limited due to the economic crisis, will seriously change the shadow sector, limiting vacancies even in businesses that do not pay (or partially pay) taxes and minimize their costs through super-exploitation of labor. We should expect an increase in the shadow component of the labor market, where foreign workers will compete with Russians, and in this case their competitive advantages will be a lower hourly wage rate, which they will agree to, and a willingness to work in difficult conditions, including health hazards . Labor migrants now represent a very convenient group for super-exploitation in the context of the expected decline in the standard of living of migrant labor donor countries, including due to a drop in the flow of remittances from Russia.

Due to changes in the Russian labor market provoked by the pandemic (an increase in the number of couriers, more office workers moving online, etc.), the created jobs in the delivery sector, occupied in the short term by unemployed Russians, will gradually go to foreign workers in the medium term . The care sector (domestic workers) will continue to grow due to the gradual aging of the Russian population, which will open up new opportunities for foreigners. Agriculture will also provide more job opportunities for foreigners in the medium term.

Andrey Kazantsev: Coronavirus epidemic and the situation in Central Asia

Two trends will develop contradictorily: the desire of the state to increase tax collection and the desire of entrepreneurs to minimize their costs and hire foreigners with only partial legalization of their labor or completely “black-and-white”.

It is obvious that in the medium and long term, at a greater or lesser speed, the liberalization of migration legislation and increased flexibility in managing migration processes will continue. For example, the relief of the situation of migrants, introduced by a personal Decree of the President in the context of a pandemic, the legislative establishment of the possibility of retaining previous citizenship when accepting Russian citizenship, the abolition of temporary residence permits, the introduction of categories when obtaining citizenship, seem to be parts of such a gradual liberalization, no matter how slow it may be.

Events in 2021 will increase the number of foreigners wishing to acquire a residence permit (residence permit) or Russian citizenship, especially among labor migrants who have long experience of working and staying in the Russian Federation. In conditions of increasing competition with Russians, labor migrants, in order to reduce costs, will want to improve the conditions for competition in the labor market, and acquiring a more protected status will help them minimize the risks of work and living.

In the short term, after the end of restrictive measures related to the coronavirus epidemic, there may be an increase in the emigration of Russians from Russia, including qualified specialists, against the backdrop of the economic crisis. And educational migration from post-Soviet countries (migration donors to Russia) will increase, and in this flow, educational migrants to Russian educational institutions of secondary vocational education, whose graduates have good employment prospects in Russia, will become more noticeable.

The increased political activity of the Russian population, expected by many experts after the end of the pandemic, could lead to an increase in the influence of populist parties that exploit myths about migration and use xenophobia and migrant phobia to increase their popularity.

Reasons for population migration

A special place among all the reasons for migration is occupied by the ecological situation, the state of the environment, which has a direct impact on the health of the population.

Basic Concepts

The outflow of scientists and skilled workers from less developed countries weakens their economies, delays their development, but strengthens the position of already strong competitors. This leads to further polarization, widening the gap between rich and poor countries.

According to the report of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), at the end of 2021, Russia ranked third in the world in the number of migrants - 12 million people. Of these, about 2.5 million are illegal immigrants. Of this number, at least 7 million are legal and illegal migrants from the Muslim countries of Central Asia - Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Russia ranked third in the world in terms of the number of migrants, 12 million.

Migration processes in Russia: what are the features and patterns

State regulation of migration processes in the Russian Federation has become the primary task of the government. The executive and supervisory authority in these matters is the Federal Migration Service, whose responsibilities include:

In addition, the further economic and political development of the newly formed states, which were once fraternal republics, occurred with varying intensity and was accompanied by different processes that did not always end in peaceful demonstrations.

Emigration from Russia: where and why Russian citizens are leaving.

Reasons for leaving Russia

Statistics on internal migration in Russia show that about 1.7 million people, or 1.2% of the population, move around the country every year. Relocation is carried out mainly to regional cities, which have greater employment opportunities.

• Economic weakness due to sanctions and internal problems;
• Low-intensity conflict with Ukraine;
• Tightening of migration controls;
• Limited number of jobs for highly qualified specialists.

Reasons for leaving Russia.