Norilsk is the territory of men
Most single women live in large cities. For example, in Nizhny Novgorod there are 27 percent more representatives of the fair sex than the stronger sex (1273 women per thousand men). The situation is almost the same in Perm (1263 women per thousand men), in Samara (1244 per thousand). In St. Petersburg and Moscow the situation is little better (1204 and 1167 per thousand, respectively).
If we look at the federal districts, the most harmonious situation is in the Far East - there are 1,081 women per 1,000 men. The situation with men is worst in the Central Federal District - 1,180 representatives of the fair sex per thousand representatives of the stronger sex.
However, there are treasured places in Russia where more men live than women and where, apparently, it’s worth going to get suitors. These are the Chukotka and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs (there were 961 and 995 women per 1,000 men, respectively). You can also name specific cities where men clearly lack female affection. These are Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory) and Novy Urengoy (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), where there were 987 and 922 women per thousand men, respectively.
Fertility statistics
There are also statistics on the birth rate of children with disabilities. Quite a lot of them are born on the territory of Russia. More than 50% of babies are born with mental illness. This is due to heredity, with a lot of stress in parents. Plus, there are few good doctors who can provide qualified assistance in a timely manner. Every year approximately 2 thousand children are born with Down syndrome. About 30% of newborns have genetic disorders. No more than 20% of healthy babies are born in Russia every year.
What are the fertility and mortality statistics in Russia? In some localities of the country, the mortality rate is lower than the birth rate. The remaining regions can be considered gradually dying out. The highest population growth is observed in the following regions:
Don't drink in one gulp, guys!
This unfavorable ratio has developed due to the continuing high level of premature mortality among men, Rosstat notes.
This is confirmed by the director of the Institute of Demography of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Professor Anatoly Vishnevsky. One of Russia’s troubles, he says, is the very high mortality rate from external causes: murder, suicide, road accidents, drowning, poisoning, including alcohol.
The expert gives an example: in 15 Western European countries (members of the European Union before its expansion in 2014), in 1970, 97 out of every 100 thousand men died from this group of causes. By 2011, the rate had dropped to 44 per 100 thousand—more than doubling. In Russia, the corresponding indicators are: in 1970 - 239, in 2011 - 217 per 100 thousand. 10 percent reduction.
And there are several reasons. “One of them is the special structure of alcohol consumption - we have a very high share of strong drinks, which are also often consumed in gulps. You can drink a bottle of wine in the evening and nothing will happen to you. And if you immediately “slammed” a glass of vodka, or even more, then your heart muscle may not be able to withstand it,” says Anatoly Vishnevsky. Once upon a time, Finland had the same type of alcohol consumption as ours.
But they dealt with the problem. And in Poland too. The consumption structure there has changed. They switched from vodka to beer. But beer doesn’t kill you like that. It cannot be said that all of Europe is sober. France has an alcoholism problem. But the mortality rate there is one of the lowest in Europe.
Genetic control?
The increased male birth rate seems to compensate for the high male mortality rate. After wars and serious social conflicts, the proportion of boys born increases sharply (“Chemistry and Life” No. 11, 2004), and this phenomenon needs to be explained somehow.
The figure shows how the proportion of boys born in England and Wales changed between 1838 and 2006. The post-war years were marked by surges in male fertility. Dotted line
- a smoothed curve that shows the general trend. A similar pattern in sex ratios is observed in Belgium, France and Germany. V. A. Geodakyan noted that during the Iran-Iraq conflict (1980–1988) and the 1991 war in Slovenia, the birth rate of boys in these countries did not increase. This may be due to the low level of mobilization
In 1871, Charles Darwin proposed the concept of frequency-dependent selection. If there is a skewed sex ratio in a population, then members of the less common sex will be more popular, that is, have greater reproductive success. Given the shortage of men, every man will be able to have a child, but not every woman. This situation will lead to positive selection for any trait that increases the frequency of births of the rare sex until their ratio is equalized.
In 1930, the English geneticist and statistician Ronald Fisher (1890–1962) introduced the public to the principle of equal investment, according to which natural selection equalizes the amount of parental investment in sons and daughters, which fixes genes that encourage parents to care equally for offspring of both sexes. It rejects genes for preference for one of the sexes. If boys die more often than girls, they receive less care overall, and selection compensates by increasing the number of boys born to equalize parental investment. The theory is nice, but it's difficult to prove because the amount of care invested in offspring cannot be measured, and there is still no evidence that mortality in prepubescent humans correlates with the sex ratio at birth.
However, at this stage the idea of genetic control was added to the probabilistic theory of sex ratio. Many data indicate that it exists. Thus, in different populations the ratio of boys and girls is different and quite constant. In Europe, for example, it is 1.06, among the Bantu population - 1.01, in Nigeria and Ethiopia - 1.07. These differences persist even when people from African countries move to the US or UK.
There is no convincing direct evidence supporting genetic control of sex determination. In 2003, specialists at the San Carlos Clinical Hospital in Madrid discovered that female carriers of a mutation in the BRCA1
the likelihood of having girls increases by 15–17%.
Mutations in the BRCA1
impair the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, as a result, increase the risk of developing certain malignant tumors. The researchers found it difficult to explain this result, but noted a phenomenon that was confirmed by American and Canadian researchers a few years later. The sample in both cases is small, the data is preliminary and requires verification.
In search of genes that may influence the sex of the unborn child, specialists from South Korea's Seongsil University analyzed the genomes of 4,183 men and 4,659 women. They discovered several autosomal genes, the variability of which depends on sex. One of these genes, DNAH11
, encodes the protein dynein, which is involved in the functioning of sperm flagella;
another gene, PPP1R12B
, may also affect the reproductive system. The researchers did not check how these mutations relate to the frequency of births of boys.
At the same time, an international group of scientists (lead by University of Split professor Vesna Boraska) analyzed data from 51 studies involving 115,000 people of European descent and found no alleles that could affect the sex ratio.
Dead end branch
The shortage of men affects different areas of life. On family relationships, on the labor market.
When there are much more young women than men, this primarily affects the “marriage market” and family relationships, explains Elena Mezentseva, associate professor of the Department of Sociology at the National Research University Higher School of Economics. “Men now have no motivation to tie themselves into marriage. Many of them strive to live in unregistered marriages in order to maintain freedom,” explains the expert. “They know that if something is wrong, they can always leave.” And you won’t be left alone after this.” And he adds: men now have a wider choice when looking for a soul mate, because there are many more single women in Russia.
The lack of men in the labor market results in women gradually beginning to occupy traditional male niches. On the one hand, in our country “marking” is highly developed - this work is only for women, and this is purely for men. “It’s in the heads. Therefore, overcoming barriers is proceeding rather slowly. But in recent years the process has accelerated,” says Mezentseva.
By the age of 30-34, the number of men and women equalizes. And then the score goes against the young ladies
For example, women have become more likely to find leadership positions. True, Western companies have shown us a positive example, which have established rules of “non-discrimination”. “In the representative offices of foreign companies opened in Russia, in management positions of the first and second level, among the top management you will see many women. In joint Russian-Western ones - less. In purely Russian ones - a minimum. But the process is underway,” she says.
In addition, women began to “infiltrate” traditionally male spheres such as the army and other security forces. And if previously they worked there mainly in “women’s work” - as cooks, cleaners, now they began to serve almost on an equal basis with men and occupy positions that were previously available only to the stronger half.
Some time ago, a trend began when women began to take the places of men in heavy physical work.
Polygon of evolution
Sexual reproduction is reproduction that involves sex cells. The presence of different sexes is not necessary; one individual may well produce both male and female gametes. This is what invertebrates do: gastropods, some worms, crustaceans and coelenterates. Moreover, hermaphrodites reproduce twice as efficiently as dioecious species, since each mature individual produces offspring. However, the vast majority of animals are dioecious. Obviously, the existence of sexes creates advantages that are greater than fertility.
In 1965, Soviet scientist Vigen Artavazdovich Geodakyan suggested that the male sex represents an experimental testing ground for evolution. On it, nature develops new signs, so male mortality should be higher than female mortality. From an evolutionary point of view, this is not scary, because one male produces disproportionately more germ cells than a female and can fertilize several individuals. The female sex in this system is assigned the role of custodian of genetic information (“Chemistry and Life” No. 4, 2001).
This theory is fully applicable to people. Boys die more often than girls, but they are born more often. For every hundred girls born, there are 101–108 boys, depending on the population. Meanwhile, the gender ratio should be equal. A person’s gender is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes and depends on whether an X- or Y-carrying sperm fertilizes the egg.
Mammals have two types of sex chromosomes: X and Y. At conception, they are combined with equal probability, so boys and girls should be born at the same frequency in a population
Naturally, scientists assumed that the imbalance in the sex ratio could be caused by an unequal number of sperm carrying the X and Y chromosomes, and some were not too lazy to count these sperm, but the data turned out to be contradictory. When comparing the sperm of the fathers of many sons and many daughters, in some cases there was a difference, and quite significant (44-54% and 37-49% Y-sperm), in others - not. So the sex ratio at conception is 1:1, and their difference at birth is explained by other reasons, for example, different prenatal mortality: according to specialists from the Institute of Medical Genetics of the Tomsk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, female embryos predominate among spontaneous abortions.
Population of Russia 2021
- Federal Law of June 14, 2021 No. 138-FZ “On Amendments to Article 16 of the Federal Law “On Promoting the Development of Housing Construction””;
- Land Code of the Russian Federation;
- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 431 “On measures for social support of large families .
The Government of the Russian Federation constantly monitors the dynamics of demographic indicators. To maintain the stability of the overall population growth rate, more and more new measures of social support for the population are being created in the form of complexes of various measures and the introduction of new laws. Thus, in order to maintain the level of natural population growth, on January 1, 2021, a new Federal Law No. 418-FZ of December 28, 2021 “On monthly payments to families with children” . The amount of monthly payments to needy families (with a first-born child) will depend on the region of residence, namely, on the established minimum subsistence level.
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How many children, men and women are there in Russia?
The dependency ratio shows the burden on society and the economy from the population that is not part of the working population (the dependent part of the population). The population that is not considered to be of working age is understood as the total population under 15 years of age and the population over 64 years of age. The age of the working-age population (the productive part of the population) is, respectively, between 15 and 65 years.
The dependency ratio directly reflects financial expenditures on social policy in the state. For example, if this coefficient increases, expenses for the construction of educational institutions, social protection, healthcare, pension payments, etc. should be increased.
Many people are interested in how many teenagers, minors and children under three years old are there in Russia? Before you can find the answer, you need to decide on the age range of teenagers. In popular opinion, we most likely classify people aged 14-17 as teenagers. But that's not true. Firstly, peoples have different cultures and traditions.
Therefore, the broadest UN concept generally includes ages from 10 to 19 years, dividing them into early adolescence up to 14 years inclusive, and late adolescence from 14 to 19 years. In the USSR, at a certain stage, the age of 12-14 years and the youth of 15-17 years were distinguished.
Population statistics in the Russian Federation are collected by a reputable organization, the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). For Russia, as a militaristic country, an important indicator is the size of the population. This applies to a greater extent to males. How many men are there in Russia? According to modern statistics, there are 11 million fewer of them than women.
Over the previous year, there was a decrease in the number of births in 83 subjects of the Russian Federation, and deaths in 55 subjects.
The mortality rate was 13.7% higher than the birth rate. Positive natural growth was registered in 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
There have always been more women in Russia. This is due to a greater extent to the participation of males in hostilities and shorter life expectancy. Population censuses began in the 19th century, but they were poorly organized. The accuracy of the results is questionable. There are no census data from the early and mid-20th century. This is due to two world wars and the Holodomor on the territory of the USSR.
Since 1917, the number of men in the USSR has been decreasing. The reasons for this are said to be famine and Stalinist repressions. There is evidence that in 1926 the number of women was 6% more than men. After the Great Patriotic War, the difference between the sexes increased significantly. The 1959 census provided information that there were 10% fewer men than women. However, over time, the sex ratio leveled off.
More correct data is obtained from 1951 to 1994: the population of the Russian Federation grew slowly but surely. From 1995 to 2009, there was a gradual decrease in the number of people living in the state. Since 2010, there has been an increase in the number of Russian citizens.
Demography of Russia: reasons for the decline in fertility
At the same time, the explanation of the situation is not limited to the problems of the 1990s. Yes, there are fewer women, but each individual woman gives birth less. The very approach of citizens to building a family has changed, and priorities have shifted. According to the same Rosstat, the average age of a Russian mother is 26 years
.
This is five years more than in the 1990s. During this time, the interval between the birth of the first and second child in the family also almost doubled. In the 1990s there was an average of three years, and in 2021 it is already 5.6 years
. Thus, the birth of the second and subsequent children was pushed back beyond the mother’s 30th birthday.
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Professor of the Department of Labor and Social Policy at the Institute of Public Service and Management (IGSU) RANEPA Alexander Shcherbakov points out that the reason should also be sought in the low standard of living
and the desire to improve the well-being of the family through work and their own labor.
In addition, Russian women in general now have much more career ambitions
.
“We have a paradoxical situation: women think about their gender destiny only secondarily
.
They share more of a male view of life
, where career comes first. And modern men are becoming more and more like women. They often do not set themselves the task of financially providing for their family,” warns Shcherbakov.
