Immigration and emigration: reasons, differences, popular directions

Migration processes and the differences between them

The literal meaning of the concept “migration” is the movement of people from one country to another. This may concern individuals or entire national and ethnic groups moving both within individual territorial entities (internal migration) and beyond their borders (external migration).

As a rule, migrants leaving a country pursue specific goals, and according to them, migration can be classified as:

• permanent – ​​relocation with the aim of leaving permanently for permanent residence;
• temporary - moving for a certain period of time, not related to the implementation of any activity;
• pendulum – short-term migration associated with certain goals, after the completion of which follows a return home. A prime example is individuals wishing to immigrate to obtain a job or education;
• seasonal - a short-term move associated with seasonal tasks, for example, harvesting.

Persons participating in these processes form migration flows. The direction of this flow determines the difference between immigration and emigration.

Thus, immigrants (from the Latin immigro - “I move in”) are usually called individuals who move to a foreign country for temporary or permanent residence, considered in relation to the country to which they are moving. For example, for Russians in the Russian Federation, Uzbeks are immigrants. Accordingly, Russians who moved to the United States are immigrants for Americans. That is, immigration is the entry of a foreigner into a country that is foreign to him to live in it, regardless of his goals.

An important condition is the legality of immigrants’ entry into a new country. To control immigration flows, many countries even introduce immigrant quotas.

Foreigners admitted for permanent residence usually undergo a special integration course for successful integration into the national society. The final stage of immigration is obtaining citizenship of your new country.

Emigration is a concept of a different, opposite nature. The definition of emigration comes from the Latin emigro - “moving out”. It means leaving the country and moving to another state other than your native one. It should not be confused with short-term trips; emigration is always associated with a change of place of residence, although sometimes on a temporary basis. Such relocation does not at all mean a mandatory change of citizenship. For example, Russia allows its citizens to have several other passports, especially if they live outside the Russian Federation.

Hence, an emigrant is a person who leaves the country of his citizenship. Please note that, unlike immigro, emigration cannot be internal - this process involves mandatory crossing of the state border in order to move to a new place of residence abroad.

Emigration is usually caused by the search for a better, more economically favorable place to live, which is why it usually prevails over immigration in undeveloped countries. In the prosperous, the opposite is true.

Therefore, in order to determine which is correct: immigration or emigration, it is important to understand in relation to which state this concept applies. So, if we are talking about the country from which a person is leaving, the concept of “emigrant” is used, and the process itself is called emigration. The migrant will be an immigrant in relation to the state to which he is moving, and the process itself will be called immigration.

It is important to understand that the difference between migration and emigration is insignificant. Thus, migration is the process of moving in general, and emigration, like immigration, is the direction of the migration flow in relation to a particular country.

Emigration, migration and immigration: 6 differences between the terms

Economic development and changes in some state borders are the reason for the development of rapid migration processes. Television and the media use these concepts almost every day in their news resources. A person who is not well versed in the meaning of these terms may become confused by all the information provided to him. Therefore, it is worth considering each concept in more detail and trying to find out not only its exact meaning, understand the difference in terminology, but also consider the reasons for the action that it denotes.

Basic Concepts

Emigration

Derived from the Latin word “emigro”, the exact translation is “evicted”.

Thus, emigration refers to a certain process in which people move from their country, in which they previously lived permanently, to another state.

In this case, such a person will be called an emigrant, regardless of whether he is leaving in order to find a new permanent place of residence or planning a temporary stay.

And again, for many people, some confusion creeps in. So what is emigration? In other words, a person, for whatever reason, leaves his country, crosses the border of another state, and is automatically assigned the status of an emigrant.

Then a logical question arises: is a tourist also an emigrant? Absolutely false.

Unlike an emigrant, a tourist or business trip is short-term in nature, has its own specific and already designated end date, and emigration implies a long stay within another country.

In this case, a person may have one or a group of reasons for emigrating. He can leave the country because:

• cannot provide for himself in his homeland materially;
• fails to realize himself spiritually;
• wants to get education or long-term medical care abroad;
• military operations take place on the territory of another country (mainly for the category of people liable for military service);
• there is a desire to return to the homeland of our ancestors;
• There is an opportunity for career development in a foreign company.

Despite the reason for leaving, this is not always associated with the loss of citizenship of one’s native country and the automatic acquisition of citizenship of another state.

What makes people migrate

Migration processes are always caused by similar circumstances. Internal relocation is usually due to improved living conditions, changes in lifestyle, or change of place of work; this is typical for territories with diverse natural, climatic, social, economic and other conditions.

International relocation is most often based on economic migration:

• higher salary for the same job;
• labor shortage;
• favorable business climate;
• attracting highly qualified specialists from certain industries;
• desire to provide the family with a decent standard of living.

Economic motives also occupy a central place when leaving the country. But along with them, there are other reasons for emigration:

• high unemployment and economic instability;
• unstable political situation and social unrest;
• religious, racial and other persecution;
• armed conflicts;
• family reunion abroad;
• participation in repatriation programs for compatriots living abroad, and so on.

Migration concept

Population migration is a move from one habitat to another, which results in the crossing of border lines, both external and internal. This is done mainly with the aim of improving the standard of living. Such citizens are called by the general concept “migrants”, who, in turn, are called emigrants and immigrants.

Migration can be external (interstate) and internal, implying movement for a long stay from one region of the country to another, or a change from a rural lifestyle to an urban one.

The main reason for internal migration is: acquiring a new job (including seasonal), the desire to find a better place for yourself and your family. This type of relocation is common in countries with vast areas.

But the core reason for interstate migration is the economic factor: a significant difference in the amount of monthly remuneration paid for work performed. A specialist of the highest category leaves for a country where they pay more for a similar specialty.

The demographic and economic spheres of the state depend on the ongoing migration “maneuvers”.

Who are emigrants and immigrants?

What are emigration and immigration, what are their fundamental motives? Both of these concepts are an integral part of the migration process. But who are emigrants and immigrants?

What is emigration and immigration - definition

Loading…

Source: https://101mesto.com/otdyh-za-rubezhom/emigrant-i-immigrant.html

Re-emigration is an integral part of immigration

Very illustrative are such examples of immigration as the return of emigrants to their homeland, as well as the resettlement of citizens of foreign countries with signs of national identity. These processes are called re-emigration and repatriation, respectively. These are similar concepts that are components of migration, but it is important to distinguish them.

Which country would you rather live in? ⚡ Take the test in 2 minutes

Re-emigration is a process in which migrants who previously left the country of their citizenship return to their homeland. Usually this applies only to persons who have retained citizenship, because after its loss it is logical to apply the concept of “immigration”.

Re-emigration is also typical for Russia: the largest influx of re-emigrants was observed in the 90s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, dissidents, intellectuals, and others who emigrated to the USA, Israel and other countries returned to the country. In addition to them, thousands of Russian Germans who moved to Germany between 1990 and 2011 as late migrants returned to their homeland.

Repatriation, on the contrary, is the immigration of a population that has never been citizens of the country, but has signs of national identity, and therefore moves to the homeland of their ancestors. An important condition for repatriation is the presence in the migration legislation of the state where they are resettling, appropriate immigration programs that allow repatriates to move to the country on preferential terms.

For example, late migrants from the Russian Federation and other CIS countries, if they have evidence of German origin, have the right to move to Germany, immediately obtain a residence permit and obtain citizenship.

There are similar programs in Russia. For example, compatriots living abroad, within the framework of the Resettlement of Compatriots Program, can choose a region of the Russian Federation from 48 territories of priority settlement, and when moving to it receive many benefits and even a one-time amount of assistance up to 240 thousand rubles per applicant and 120 thousand rubles per member his family.

In addition to federal assistance, immigrants can also apply for regional forms of support. They immediately receive a residence permit, after which they can receive citizen status under a simplified program.

Repatriation is an important component of migration processes. For example, under the Compatriots Resettlement Program, from 2007 to 2017, 656 thousand foreigners with Russian roots returned to Russia, most of whom (39%) are Ukrainians.

What are the benefits and dangers of immigrants?

There are many examples in history when immigrants had a direct impact on the development of the state. Many of the US civilizational achievements would not have been possible without immigrants, including:

1. Google creator S. Brin;
2. one of the founders of the popular WhatsApp messenger Ya.Kum;
3. scientist V. Zvorykin, who created television;
4. PayPal payment system developer M. Levchin;
5. founder of the Yahoo search engine D. Yang;
6. one of the founders of the national park system D. Muir and many others.

Contrary to existing prejudices, immigrants do not contribute to a decline in living standards and an increase in unemployment.

Thus, in Israel, from 1989 to 1997, the number of working-age population increased by 15% due to immigrants from the former USSR. However, the unemployment rate (what is this?) and the incomes of citizens remained at least at the same level.

Immigrants in many countries are involved in the formation of ethnic entrepreneurship . In Western European countries, the Chinese specialize in small retail, immigrants from Eastern Europe specialize in food, and the Vietnamese sell flowers.

Visitors contribute to the welfare of the state by paying taxes. For example, in Germany, from 1990 to 2010, each immigrant paid 3.3 thousand euros more in taxes than he received social assistance from the state.

In countries with little natural growth, it is foreigners who compensate for the lack of working-age population.

According to forecasts, by 2050 in EU countries there will be two working people per citizen of retirement age. This means that the UK will need up to 5 million workers, and Germany 6-7 million.

On the other hand, uncontrolled flows of immigrants can provoke rampant crime, the spread of infectious diseases and the emergence of interethnic conflicts.

How to travel to another country

There is only one answer to the question of where to start immigration - by finding a reason to move. They may be the presence of relatives or potential spouses abroad, employment with a foreign employer, education abroad, the presence of foreign roots, the presence of real estate, or, for example, the desire to conduct business in a particular country.

If there is such a potential connection with the desired state, then the immigration process can begin. It includes the following steps:

1. Applying for a national visa at the country’s visa center or its diplomatic mission.
2. Entry into the country during the validity period of the visa.
3. Submitting an application for a residence permit. The basis for a residence permit is usually the purpose for which the visa was issued.
4. Preservation of the grounds on which entry was carried out and, in connection with this, extension of the residence permit.
5. Long-term residence and obtaining permanent residence.
6. Obtaining national citizenship.

The length of the process will depend on the specifics of the situation and the provisions of national legislation. All this can take from 2-3 to 10 years; The Russian Federation provides a simplified scheme for some categories of migrants - according to it, citizenship can be obtained in 4-6 months.

Immigration

The concept of immigration refers to entering a country for various reasons. It differs from emigration in the opposite direction of action. The difference is that an emigrant goes abroad, and an immigrant is someone who came for permanent residence for a specific purpose.

Immigration is widespread for a number of reasons.

• Differences in living standards between states.
• Availability of additional economic opportunities in another country.
• A chance of good employment and decent wages.
• Lack of work in your country.
• Receiving a quality education and having pathways for growth and development.
• Disasters, hostilities and persecution in the country of origin.

A common reason for going abroad for permanent residence is family reunification. On this basis, it is much easier to obtain citizenship in a new place. Like emigration, immigration does not automatically grant the right to change citizenship.

The reasons for these two concepts intersect in a number of ways, but this does not stop them from having diametrically opposed meanings. When preparing a package of papers for obtaining permanent residence or permanent residence, it is worth understanding what the difference is between them in order to approach the issue correctly.

Where to move from Russia

Considering the peculiarities of life in our country, most emigrants are guided primarily by economic motives. Few people seek to move from Russia, for example, to African countries or the Middle East; Russians are interested in more prosperous destinations.

It is expected that in 2021 the most Russians will move to:

• USA - entire Russian districts in large cities, many compatriots and a developed network of diasporas await them;
• The EU countries are the most popular among Russians: Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Finland and Spain. About a third of all emigrants from Russia move to Europe;
• Israel - national legislation gives Jews the right to return to the Promised Land, as a result of which about 5 thousand people of Jewish nationality leave Russia annually;
• Quebec (Canada) - Russians come here who could not find the American dream in the USA.
• China is a friendly country for Russians; many move here to do business and stay forever.

In addition to foreign countries, many Russians move to nearby ones, in particular, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Lithuania and Latvia. This is usually due to family reasons.

Reasons for emigrating from Russia

The motives that influence Russians’ decision to leave the country are quite individual. But they can be divided into two main groups: pushing and pulling.

The first group includes:

• socio-economic reasons (corruption, difficulty of running your own business, instability of the ruble, low wages, and also in some cases its unofficial nature, small budget allocated for science, etc.);
• socio-political (low level of development of civil society, popular distrust of the institution of law enforcement agencies and the judicial system, aggressive opposition side, etc.).

Attractive motives include the demand for highly qualified specialists, a real opportunity to improve one’s standard of living, more transparent and lenient conditions for running one’s business projects, transparent and developed infrastructure, accessible medical and social services and much more.

Basic Concepts

The concepts of migration and emigration themselves are somewhat similar. In essence, they mean a certain action - the move of any person to a place of residence in another country.

There are several terms that describe this entire process:

1. Emigration is a definition that characterizes the departure of a citizen outside the state for permanent residence.
2. Immigration is arrival to a new territory.
3. Re-emigration is the return of a person to his home country after a long stay in the territory of another state.

It is important to know whether emigrants are people who arrived or left the country, since many people confuse these concepts.

Emigrant

So, the concept of emigrant is used quite often. Out of ignorance, some people use this term to refer to all persons without exception who have changed their country of residence, but this is not entirely true .

Only by knowing which is correct - emigrant or immigrant, can you correctly determine your status.

An emigrant is a citizen who left his country and went for permanent residence to another.

Immigrant

Immigrant status is obtained by a foreigner who comes to the territory of a foreign state in order to obtain permanent residence.

Even the procedure for obtaining new citizenship does not deprive him of this status.

What is migration

Migration in demography is the process of moving people from one place to another for any reason. At the same time, people who change their place of residence are called migrants.

In sociology and demography, there are different interpretations of this term, but most often it means that migration is carried out by people within one state (such migration is also called internal).

It should be understood that this term is also used in some other sciences, but even there it means approximately the same thing.

For example, in ornithology, migration is the movement of birds from one place to another for some reason (most often, within the framework of this science, seasonal migration is considered, when birds fly from one place to another due to changes in climatic conditions, but there are other types of migrations ).

Most often, people migrate from one place to another for the following reasons:

• Getting an education (university or school).
• Completion of military service (fixed or contract).
• Employment (for obvious reasons, people most often migrate to the capital and large cities).
• Deterioration of living conditions (lower wages, deterioration in the quality of medical care, environmental problems, and so on).
• Ethnic conflicts (typical of unstable societies with a high level of social tension).

It should be understood that the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation state that any citizen has the right to freely choose his place of residence without any restrictions.

In fact, this means that migration in Russia is completely legal. However, you need to remember that in fact in Russia there are still certain restrictions on migration:

• If a person moves, he or she must notify the Migration Service of the change in place of residence. To change your registration, a person must visit the passport office, the Federal Migration Service or the MFC and submit documents for re-registration. A permanent (if a person will live in a new place for a long time) or temporary (if a person returns back after some time) registration can be issued, depending on how long he will live at the new place of residence.
• There are some cases when a person's right to freely choose his place of residence may be limited. The most striking example is living in closed cities with a special operating regime (most often, secret developments are carried out in such cities, which constitute a state secret of the country). There are also other cases when the choice of place of residence may be limited - the use of houses in disrepair as housing, the use of illegal housing, and so on.